Basque etymology : Query result

Proto-Basque: *ɦog(ʷ)en

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ́1 fault, blame, sin 2 harm, injury 3 fraud, deceit 4 decay, downfall 5 innocent (without fault)

Bizkaian: oben 1, 2, 4, oben-baga 5, (arc) ogen 3

Gipuzkoan: oben 1

High Navarrese: oben 1

Low Navarrese: hogen 1, 2, hogen-gabe 5, (Aldude) hoben 1

Salazarese: oben 1

Lapurdian: hoben-gabe 5

Baztanese: oben 1, oben-gabe 5

Zuberoan: ógen 1, 2, ogen-gábe 5

Roncalese: ogen, oben 1

Comments: This is one of the words in which old /g/ has regionally changed to /b/, conditioned by a labial vowel.

Proto-Basque: *ɦolaic

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: colostrum, first milk

Bizkaian: oratz, oreitz, (Elorrio) ogitz

Gipuzkoan: oreitz

High Navarrese: oritz

Low Navarrese: horitz, (Hazparren) olitz

Lapurdian: horitz

Zuberoan: óritz

Roncalese: oritz

Comments: One of the words in which the change of -l- > -r- was not complete (here in Hazparren).

Proto-Basque: *ɦonda-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sand, beach 2 bottom 3 remnant, residue

Bizkaian: ondar 1

Gipuzkoan: ondar 1

High Navarrese: ondar 2

Low Navarrese: hondar 2

Lapurdian: hondar 1, 2, (arc) hundar 1

Zuberoan: úndar 3

Comments: See the note to *ondo.

Proto-Basque: *ɦorci / *ɦośti

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sky 2 storm 3 thunder 4 Thursday 5 rainbow 6 cloud

Bizkaian: osti 2, 3

Gipuzkoan: osti 2, 3, ost-egun 4

High Navarrese: ost-egun 4

Low Navarrese: ortzi 2, ortzantz, ihurtzuri 3, ost-egun 4, hortz-adar, ortz-adar, orz-adar, oltz-adar 5, ortz-egun 4, orzi-adar 5, (Hazparren) ortzi 3, orzi-adar 5, (Aldude) orz-egun 4

Lapurdian: ortzantz, ihurtzuri 3, hortz-adar, holtz-adar 5

Baztanese: ortz-egun 4, ortz-adar, oltz-adar 5

Zuberoan: ́ortze 2, orzantz 3, ost-égün 4, ost-ádar 5

Roncalese: (Isaba) ost-égun 4, (Uztárroz) orz-égun

Comments: Apparently {Urcia} (*ɦorcia) was an ancient name for the sky-god, like Jove/Jupiter, Zeus, etc., thus *ɦorc-egun or *ɦośt-egun 'Thursday'. See the discussions by Michelena (1961: 130, 363-4) and Trask (1997: 277-79). There is similar alternation of -rc- / -śt- in a few other Bsq words, e.g. *ɦerce / *ɦeśte ‘intestine’, *borc / *bośt ‘five’ (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *ɦorś-to

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: leaf

Gipuzkoan: osto

High Navarrese: ostro, osto

Low Navarrese: hosto

Salazarese: osto

Lapurdian: hosto

Zuberoan: ósto, (arc) orsto

Roncalese: osto

Comments: The ZBR writer Oihenart (17th c.) used the form orsto 'leaf'. See metathesis in ANV ostro. Cf. PEC *ʔărć̣V ‘a kind of reed’.

Proto-Basque: *ɦosi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 germ (of grain) 2 shoot that becomes a head of grain 3 to germinate, sprout

Gipuzkoan: ozi 2, (Andoain) ozi 1, ozitu 3

High Navarrese: ozi 2

Low Navarrese: ozi 1, ozitu 3

Lapurdian: hozi 1, hozitu 3

Baztanese: ozi 1, ozitu 3

Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis: PSC *śwĭ́ʔē ~ *ʔwĭ́śē, the latter > Bsq *ɦosi.

Proto-Basque: *ɦośin

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 deepest part of a river 2 abyss 3 sea 4 whirlpool

Bizkaian: osin 1

Gipuzkoan: osin 1, 3, 4

High Navarrese: osin 1

Low Navarrese: osin 1

Lapurdian: hosin, usin 1, 2

Zuberoan: osin 1

Comments: RNC usin 'avalanche' is rather < *e=auśi 'to fall'; cf. *Hauśo 'blizzard' (q.v.).

Proto-Basque: *ɦućal

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 poor, trifling 2 dry, barren, sterile 3 shrunken, shriveled

High Navarrese: utsal 1

Low Navarrese: hutsal 1, 3

Salazarese: utsal 1, 2

Lapurdian: hutsal 1

Zuberoan: ütsal 1, 2

Roncalese: utsal 1

Comments: Cf. also *huć: these words appear to be contaminated or blended.

Proto-Basque: *ɦulca-hur̄ (?)

Meaning: walnut

Araban: unsaur

Bizkaian: untxaur, intxaur, (arc) insaur

Gipuzkoan: intxaur

High Navarrese: intxaur,

Low Navarrese: heltzaur, giltzaur, (Amikuse) intzaur

Salazarese: giltzagur

Lapurdian: heltzaur, eltzaur

Baztanese: giltzaur

Aezkoan: etxabur

Zuberoan: intzáur, (Garazi) intzagor

Roncalese: etzagur, (Vidangoz) itzagur

Comments: An interesting word with many local variants. It is apparently a compound with an obscure first element + *hur̄ 'hazelnut' (q.v.). Words with g- appear to be blended with *gilc 'joint, node'.

Proto-Basque: *iainko

Meaning: God

Bizkaian: Jainko

Gipuzkoan: Jainko

High Navarrese: Jainko, Inka

Low Navarrese: Jinko, (arc) {Ieyncoa}, (Aldude) Inka

Lapurdian: Jainko, Jinko, (Ainhoa) Inkoa

Baztanese: Jinko

Zuberoan: Jinko

Comments: The forms Ink(o)a occur in oaths: Ala Inkoa!, Ala Inka! 'By God!'. Azkue also cites Jaungoiko (BZK, GIP, ANV), but possibly this longer word ('lord who is on high') is a "folk-etymology which attempts to rationalize the old name [Jainko] into something more obviously Christian" (Trask 1997: 323). The etymology remains mysterious.

Proto-Basque: *ibar̄

Meaning: valley

Bizkaian: ibar

Gipuzkoan: ibar

Low Navarrese: ibar

Lapurdian: ibar

Zuberoan: íbar

Comments: More specifically, "fertile low-lying land between mountains" (Trask). Connections to Bsq *ɦibai ‘river’ (q.v.) or ip(h)ar, ifar ‘north’, if any, are unclear. Cf. Burushaski *bar 'valley, ravine'.

Proto-Basque: *iću

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: blind, blind person

Bizkaian: itsu

Gipuzkoan: itsu, itxu

High Navarrese: (Esteribar) itsu

Low Navarrese: itsu

Lapurdian: itsu

Baztanese: itsu

Zuberoan: ǘtsü

Roncalese: utsi

Comments: Cf. PNC *=Vc_V ( ~ *=Vć_V) 'dark, blind'.

Proto-Basque: *idun

Meaning: 1 neck, collar 2 throat

Bizkaian: idun 1, idun-azur 2

Comments: A BZK word with no secure external cognates.

Proto-Basque: *ihas

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: last year

Bizkaian: igaz, igez, (Otxandiano) ijez, ijaz (Txorierri) iez

Gipuzkoan: igaz

High Navarrese: igaz

Low Navarrese: iaz

Salazarese: xaz

Lapurdian: iaz, yaz

Zuberoan: ihaz

Roncalese: xaz

Comments: Cf. PEC *ś_wăjV 'last year'. For PSC we posit metathesis: *śwắjHV ~ *jHắśwV, the latter > Bsq *ihas. NCED suggests the possibility of a laryngeal in the PEC form, because of the pharyngeal vowel in Archi šʷaIš.

Proto-Basque: *iɫha-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bean(s), haricot 2 pea(s) 3 vetch 4 heather

Bizkaian: idar 3, (Mundaka, Txorierri) irar 2

Gipuzkoan: illar 3

High Navarrese: illar 1, 4

Low Navarrese: illar 1

Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) illar 1, (arc) hillare 4, (Senpere) illar 3

Baztanese: illar 1, 3

Zuberoan: ílhar 1, ilhar-biríbil 2, ilhar-xúri 2, ilhárre 4

Comments: Cf. PNC *hōwɫ[ā] 'bean(s), lentil'. The relevance of words for 'heather' is uncertain, since the heather plant (Erica) is so different from the pulses, and Bsq words for heather (ilharre, gillar, gindarra, iñarra, añara, etc.) are phonetically diverse and probably indicate blending of originally distinct roots.

Proto-Basque: *iɫhu-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dark 2 night

Araban: iluñ 1

Bizkaian: illun 1

Gipuzkoan: illun 1

High Navarrese: ilun, illun 1, 2

Low Navarrese: ilhun 2, (Aldude) 1

Salazarese: ilun 1, 2

Lapurdian: ilhun 1

Aezkoan: ilun 1

Zuberoan: ǘllhün 1

Roncalese: ulún 1

Comments: The phonetic development may have been PSC *ƛēʔlV > (pre-Bsq) *liɫhu-n > Bsq *iɫhu-n, with a dissimilation of laterals attested in other cases.

Proto-Basque: *inhi

Meaning: rush, cane, reed

Bizkaian: ii

Gipuzkoan: ii

Low Navarrese: ihi

Lapurdian: ihi

Zuberoan: ihi [ĩ́hĩ]

Comments: There is some similarity to the synonym *si(n)Hi (q.v.), attested only in BZK, but it is difficult to reconcile phonetically with *inhi.

Proto-Basque: *i=cal

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 shade, shadow 2 protection 3 gloomy, frightening place 4 to cover, darken 5 to put out (lights)

Bizkaian: itzal 3

Gipuzkoan: itzali 5

High Navarrese: itzal 1, itzali 5

Low Navarrese: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4, 5

Salazarese: itzal 2, itzal-go 2, itzal-gune 1

Lapurdian: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4

Zuberoan: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4

Roncalese: itzal 2

Comments: Cf. PNC *Hč̣ōlV̄ 'black', Bsq *b=elc 'black', a different formation from the same root.

Proto-Basque: *i=ća-śo

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sea

Bizkaian: itxaso

Gipuzkoan: itxaso

High Navarrese: itsaso

Low Navarrese: itsaso

Lapurdian: itsaso

Zuberoan: itxáso

Roncalese: itxaso

Comments: Analyzed here as PSC *čä́HV ‘salt’ with a fossilized class prefix *i= (mass/uncountable nouns) and suffix *-śo, found also in (L-arc) ibaso ‘river’ (see *ɦibai). Azkue cites *-śo only as the kinship suffix *-śo (q.v.). It is not clear whether *-śo in itsaso and ibaso is identical with it (‘child of salt’ = ‘sea’?) or the diminutive -txo (*-čo), or neither.

Proto-Basque: *i=di

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ox

Araban: idi

Bizkaian: idi, (Eibar, Lekeitio) iri

Gipuzkoan: idi

High Navarrese: idi

Low Navarrese: idi

Salazarese: idi

Lapurdian: idi

Baztanese: idi

Aezkoan: idi

Zuberoan: idi

Roncalese: idi

Comments: A universal Bsq word, with very little phonetic variation (BZK iri). One of the Bsq words in which PSC nasals are lost in *-NH- clusters.